Parkinson's disease is a slowly progressive brain condition in which the nerve cells that produce dopamine — a chemical controlling movement — are gradually lost. It usually begins after 60, but can start earlier.
Main symptoms
- Resting tremor: the hand shakes while resting in the lap and settles with action — often starting on one side.
- Slowness: buttoning, writing and walking become slow; handwriting gets smaller.
- Stiffness: rigid, aching limbs and neck.
- Walking problems: short shuffling steps, reduced arm swing, poor balance.
Signs that may appear years earlier
- Reduced sense of smell
- Long-standing constipation
- Acting out dreams — kicking or shouting in sleep
- Less facial expression and a softer voice
- Depression and anxiety
Not every tremor is Parkinson's: in “essential tremor” the hands shake more during action, such as holding a cup. Thyroid disease, anxiety, excess caffeine and some medicines also cause tremor — so a correct diagnosis matters.
Diagnosis
Parkinson's is diagnosed mainly by an experienced neurologist's examination. No single blood test or MRI confirms it, although some tests may be needed to exclude other causes.
Treatment
Although not curable, symptoms can be controlled well with medicine, and many people stay active for years. Doses and timing differ from person to person, so regular follow-up is essential.
Exercise — as important as medicine
- Brisk daily walking with long, deliberate steps
- Stretching and balance exercises; physiotherapy when needed
- Voice exercises — speaking loudly, singing
- Keep floors clean and dry to prevent falls
Family support plays a huge role in the morale and quality of life of a person with Parkinson's.